Multiple variables graphs
| Command: | Graphs Multiple variables graphs |
Description
Creates graphs that allow to compare different variables, i.e. data entered in different columns of the spreadsheet.
The graph can be composed from different elements: Bars, Horizontal lines, Markers and or Connecting lines for mean or median, with choice of different error bars for mean (95% CI, 1 SEM, 1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD, range) or median (95% CI, 25-75 percentiles, 10-90 percentiles, 5-95 percentiles, 2.5-97.5 percentiles, 1-99 percentiles, range), Box-and-whisker plot or Notched box-and-whisker plot, Violin plot, Dot plot (display all data), Dot and line diagram (Ladder plot), or Cumulative frequency distribution.
Required input
In the dialog box, you can enter the different variables of interest, followed by one filter to include only a selected subgroup of cases in the graph.
Several elements can be selected to compose the graph, and some of these can be combined.
- Bars, Horizontal lines, Markers and/or Connecting lines for means or medians.
- Error bars: the following error bars are available if at least one of the graph types Bars, Horizontal lines, Markers and/or Connecting lines is selected: If mean is selected: (none), or 95% CI for the mean, 1 SD, 2 SD, 3 SD, 1 SEM, and range.
- Note that 2 SEM is not in this list: when the number of cases is large, mean ± 2 SEM corresponds to the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the mean. When the number of cases is small, then the 95% CI interval is calculated as mean ± t * SEM, where t is taken from a t-table with DF=n−1 and area A=95%) (see also SEM).
- Although 1 SEM gives the more narower error bar, this option is not recommended since the resulting error bar may be highly misleading, especially when the number of cases in the groups is different. Preferably the 95% CI for the mean is used for providing a valid graphical comparison of means (Pocock, 1984), or use 2 SD as an indication for the variability of the data.
- When the number of cases is small, it is possible that the 95% CI for the median is not defined and that it will not be displayed in the graph.
- When you use percentile ranges, take into account the number of observations: you need at least 100 observations for 1-99 percentiles, at least 20 for 5-95 percentiles, at least 10 for 10-90 percentile and at least 4 for 25-75th percentiles.
- Box-and-Whisker plot (Tukey, 1977) or Notched box-and-whisker plot (McGill et al., 1978). A Notched box-and-whisker plot is a variation of the box-and-whisker plot in which confidence intervals for the medians are shown by means of notches surrounding the medians. If the notches about two medians do not overlap, the medians are significantly different at a ± 95% confidence level. For a detailed description of a Box-and-Whisker plot and Notched Box-and-Whisker plot, see Construction of a Box-and-Whisker plot.
- Violin plot. The violin plot (Hintze & Nelson, 1998) shows the density trace of the data. It is recommended to combine the violon plot with a box-and-whisker plot (select both options).
- When you select Dots (plot all data, all observations will be displayed in the graph.
- In the Dot and line diagram (or Ladder plot), all observations are plotted as individual dots, and observations from the different cases (rows in the spreadsheet) are connected by a line, see the example below.
- The option Cumulative frequency distribution cannot be combined with any of the previous graph types.
You can select the Logarithmic transformation option, or the option to include only complete cases in the graph. If the latter option is selected, only cases with valid numerical data for all variables entered in the dialog box will be included in the graph.
Examples
Literature
- Altman DG (1991) Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall.
- Hintze JL, Nelson RD (1998) Violin Plots: A Box Plot-Density Trace Synergism. The American Statistician 52:181-184.
- McGill R, Tukey JW, Larsen WA (1978) Variations of box plots. The American Statistician, 32, 12-16.
- Tukey JW (1977) Exploratory data analysis. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
See also
Recommended book
Exploratory Data Analysis
John W. Tukey
Buy from Amazon